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I found this after doing a search for a patron at the library. What's your favorite key(s) to play shakuhachi in? I like my 1.9(Dflat) and 2.3(Bflat) jinashi. -kerry
Affective key characteristics from Christian Schubart's Ideen zu einer Aesthetik der Tonkunst (1806), Translated by Rita Steblin in A History of Key Characteristics in the 18th and Early 19th Centuries. UMI Research Press (1983).
C major Completely Pure. Its character is: innocence, simplicity, naïvety, children's talk.
C minor Declaration of love and at the same time the lament of unhappy love. All languishing, longing, sighing of the love-sick soul lies in this key.
Db major A leering key, degenerating into grief and rapture. It cannot laugh, but it can smile; it cannot howl, but it can at least grimace its crying.--Consequently only unusual characters and feelings can be brought out in this key.
D major The key of triumph, of Hallejuahs, of war-cries, of victory-rejoicing. Thus, the inviting symphonies, the marches, holiday songs and heaven-rejoicing choruses are set in this key.
D minor Melancholy womanliness, the spleen and humours brood.
D# minor Feelings of the anxiety of the soul's deepest distress, of brooding despair, of blackest depresssion, of the most gloomy condition of the soul. Every fear, every hesitation of the shuddering heart, breathes out of horrible D# minor. If ghosts could speak, their speech would approximate this key.
Eb major The key of love, of devotion, of intimate conversation with God.
E major Noisy shouts of joy, laughing pleasure and not yet complete, full delight lies in E Major.
F major Complaisance & calm.
F minor Deep depression, funereal lament, groans of misery and longing for the grave.
F# major Triumph over difficulty, free sigh of relief utered when hurdles are surmounted; echo of a soul which has fiercely struggled and finally conquered lies in all uses of this key.
F# minor A gloomy key: it tugs at passion as a dog biting a dress. Resentment and discontent are its language.
G major Everything rustic, idyllic and lyrical, every calm and satisfied passion, every tender gratitude for true friendship and faithful love,--in a word every gentle and peaceful emotion of the heart is correctly expressed by this key.
G minor Discontent, uneasiness, worry about a failed scheme; bad-tempered gnashing of teeth; in a word: resentment and dislike.
Ab major Key of the grave. Death, grave, putrefaction, judgment, eternity lie in its radius.
Ab minor Grumbler, heart squeezed until it suffocates; wailing lament, difficult struggle; in a word, the color of this key is everything struggling with difficulty.
A major This key includes declarations of innocent love, satisfaction with one's state of affairs; hope of seeing one's beloved again when parting; youthful cheerfulness and trust in God.
A minor Pious womanliness and tenderness of character.
Bb major Cheerful love, clear conscience, hope aspiration for a better world.
Bb minor A quaint creature, often dressed in the garment of night. It is somewhat surly and very seldom takes on a pleasant countenance. Mocking God and the world; discontented with itself and with everything; preparation for suicide sounds in this key.
B major Strongly coloured, announcing wild passions, composed from the most glaring coulors. Anger, rage, jealousy, fury, despair and every burden of the heart lies in its sphere.
B minor This is as it were the key of patience, of calm awaiting ones's fate and of submission to divine dispensation.
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For me, different pieces suggest different pitched flutes, but this changes over time. And I have often surprised myself by playing something on what at first seemed like an inappropriate length and really liking the sound.
As for the Western association of emotional characteristics to certain keys, there are a couple of things to remember:
Some of this is based on the metaphysical systemization of just about everything prevalent during that time period, rather than on deeply listening. Different aestheticians give completely different sets of correspondences -- I'm sure plenty of these are based on ideas rather than good ears.
Some of this is due to the lack of an equal-tempered scale, so that the differences are based not on the absolute pitch of the key but on the fact that each key might have a completely different set of intervals. If you listen to Bach's Well Tempered Klavier in Werckmeister tuning, for instance, or some other mean tuning of the time, there is definitely a very different feeling in each key, but not because the tonic is different -- rather because the intervals WITHIN the scale are different from one key to another! In equal temperament, you miss these exciting shifts, and an academic such as the one you cited might be less inclined to assign emotional characteristics to the different keys.
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Another thing to consider is that in many or most cases the "key" of a shakuhachi piece is based upon what the re note is rather than what the ro note is. Re is the main tonal center of most traditional music.
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Interesting list, Kerry. My favorite instruments at the moment might be a 2.45 and 3.25 jinashi but I think I like them for their tone colours more than their fundamental pitches or key potentials. My evidence for this is I have another jinashi in virtually the the same pitch as the 2.45 (both near A-flat) but it doesn't get played as much because its tone (while professional and well made) apparently doesn't appeal to me as much. Anyways, those flutes' Ro would be near A-flat and E-flat assuming A440.
Worth noting that any list of "keys" must imply a particular concert tuning standard. At the time that was written (1806), many were using tunings in the A422 to A427 range. That's at least half a semitone lower than today. So what they called "Db major" back then, in some cases, is midway to or even closer to what most today (A440 people, anyways) would call "C major". There was a "reference C fork" around 1800 that is very close to what A440 people would call a "B fork" today.
Those poetic key characteristics are great to read, though!
-Darren.
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Yeah, a fun little read! Thanks for the good info, guys. -kerry
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